Photosynthesis.

D. Modes of Photosynthesis

1. In C3, plants Calvin cycle emplacementes carbonic acid gas directly; first grain following carbonic acid gas bewilderation is PGA, a C3 molecule.

2. C4 leaves learn CO2 by phase angleing a C4 molecule prior to the involvement of the Calvin cycle.

3. CAM plants fix CO2 by forming C4 molecule at night when stomates usher out open without loss of water.

4. C4 Photosynthesis

a. In a C4 plant, mesophyll cells contain grammatical chloroplasts arranged in parallel layers.

b. In C4 plants, bundle instance cells as well as the mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts.

c. In C4 leaf, mesophyll cells argon arranged concentrically around the bundle character cells.

d. C3 plants use RuBP carboxylase, Rubisco, to fix CO2 to RuBP in mesophyll; first

detected molecule is PGA.

e. C4 plants use the enzyme PEP carboxylase (PETCase) to fix CO2 to PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate);

end product to oxaloacetate (a C4 molecule).

f. In C4 plants, CO2 is taken up in mesophyll cells and malate, a reduced form of oxaloacetate, is pumped

into the bundle-sheath cells; here CO2 enters Calvin cycle.

g. In hot, wry climates, net photosynthetic rate of C4 plants (e.g., corn) is 2-3 times that of C4 plants.

5. Photorespiration

a. In hot weather, stomates close to economize water; CO2 concentration decrease in leaves; O2 increases.

b.



In C3 plants, O2 competes with CO2 for the active site of RuBP carboxylase, resulting in production

of whole wiz molecule of PGA.

c. Called photorespiration since oxygen is taken up and CO2 is produced; produces only one PGA.

d. Photorespiration does not occur in C4 leaves even when stomates are closed because CO2 is delivered

to Calvin cycle in bundle sheath cells.

e. C4 plants have advantage over C3 plants: in hot and dry weather, photorespiration does not occur

(e.g., bluegrass dominates lawns in...

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